A plug-in suppressor can wired with the protected load across the MOV, where it is disconnected when a failing MOV is disconnected (below), or the protected load can be connected across the incoming line. In the first case, the protected load is 'protected' even if the MOV fails. That is how a quality suppressor is likely connected.
For w, all plug-in "protectors" are "grossly undersized" even if MOVs have ratings of 1000J.
--------------------------------- Francois Martzloff was the NIST guru on surges, and has many published technical papers. One of them looks at a MOV on a branch circuit of
10-50 meters with surges to the power service of 2,000-10,000A (the maximum with any reasonable probability of occurring, at least for a house).Surprisingly, the maximum energy dissipated was 35 Joules. In 13 of 15 cases it was 1 Joule or less. That is because at about 6,0000V there is arc-over from service hot bus to the enclosure. In US services, the enclosure is connected to the equipment ground wires, the neutral wires and the earthing system. Arc-over dumped most of the incoming energy to earth. In addition, the impedance of the branch circuit wiring greatly limits the current that can reach the MOV. Surges are very short duration, so the inductance of the wire is much more important than the resistance.
The higher energies were for a 10M branch circuit and, even more surprising, the lower current surges below 5,000A. Contrary to intuition, at all branch circuit lengths the energy dissipation at the MOV was lower as the surge current went up. That was because the MOV acted to clamp the voltage at the service panel. With the short branch circuit and lowest surge currents, the MOV prevented arc-over. Higher current surges forced the voltage up faster, causing arc-over faster and more energy was dumped to earth.
MOVs in this application do not protect by absorbing energy but absorb energy in the process of protecting.
From the source: "More modern surge suppressors are manufactured with a Thermal Cut Out mounted near, or in contact with, the MOV that is intended shut the unit down overheating occurs [sic]." Plug-in suppressors have, since 1998, been required by UL to have a thermal disconnect to remove a MOV if it fails and overheats.
As many are aware, w has a crusade against plug-in suppressors. He has never shown that UL listed suppressors made after 1998 are a problem.
A thermal disconnect, which Don also refers to, is a good idea for general applications.
I agree with w that fuses and circuit breakers are too slow to protect from a surge. They may be entirely adequate for overvoltage.
w knows because he only buys cheap Chinese junk.
So all talk of protection at devices is useless.