Hi,
A 4um diameter sphere of calcium carbonate was optically levitated by a laser, and the laser polarization was used to spin the sphere up to 600 million RPM, at which point it disintegrated!
I guess it won't be long until someone will do this with diamonds, as they are being optically levitated as well:
How does the laser polarization work to spin up the sphere?
cheers, Jamie
Circularly polarized light carries angular momentum (not OAM, photon spin).
A 10 MHz rotation rate is going some. It's interesting that the surface velocity was omega R ~= 125 m/s at failure, when the centripetal acceleration was omega**2 R ~=800 million gees.
Cheers
Phil Hobbs
-- Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics 160 North State Road #203 Briarcliff Manor NY 10510 hobbs at electrooptical dot net http://electrooptical.net
what is the energy?
Not very big. The rotational KE is 1/2 I * omega**2, where I is the moment of inertia. For a uniform sphere,
V = 4/3 pi R**2 I = 2/5 M R**2 = 8/15 pi R**5 rho .
For calcite, rho = 2.7e3 kg/m**3, so
KE = 4/15 pi**3 (10 MHz)**2 (2 um)**5 2.7e3 ~= 70 pJ.
Cheers
Phil Hobbs
-- Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics 160 North State Road #203 Briarcliff Manor NY 10510 hobbs at electrooptical dot net http://electrooptical.net
Volume is R**3 of course. I think the rest is right.
Cheers
Phil Hobbs
-- Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics 160 North State Road #203 Briarcliff Manor NY 10510 hobbs at electrooptical dot net http://electrooptical.net
Boy, I thought we were spinning stuff fast, up to 5000 RPS. We are spinning little ceramic thimbles in an air bearing, and it has little teeth machined in the side so an air jet spins in.
Jon
I made a "smear camera" driver once-upon-a-time (~1960, MIT Building
20), two-phase 400-W pair of toooob amplifiers... ran the motor at 20,000 RPM... to take photos of MHD events. ...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson | mens |
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I love to cook with wine. Sometimes I even put it in the food.
NMR samples, especially solids, are spun at speeds up to 70 KHz. They mostly use air motors.
-- John Larkin Highland Technology, Inc jlarkin at highlandtechnology dot com http://www.highlandtechnology.com Precision electronic instrumentation Picosecond-resolution Digital Delay and Pulse generators Custom laser drivers and controllers Photonics and fiberoptic TTL data links VME thermocouple, LVDT, synchro acquisition and simulation
Mechanical streak cameras can be pretty impressive. With a lever arm of
10 m, and a 100k rpm cylindrical hologon, you can see picosecond events.Cheers
Phil Hobbs
-- Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics 160 North State Road #203 Briarcliff Manor NY 10510 USA +1 845 480 2058 hobbs at electrooptical dot net http://electrooptical.net
Our film carrier arc was only about 0.5m away. I had a toooob photocell read off of the mirror so the shock tube was fired synchronous with mirror position. ...Jim Thompson
--
| James E.Thompson | mens |
| Analog Innovations | et |
| Analog/Mixed-Signal ASIC's and Discrete Systems | manus |
| San Tan Valley, AZ 85142 Skype: Contacts Only | |
| Voice:(480)460-2350 Fax: Available upon request | Brass Rat |
| E-mail Icon at http://www.analog-innovations.com | 1962 |
I love to cook with wine. Sometimes I even put it in the food.
Modified dentist's air drills? Dentists drills themselves don't spin nearly fast enough (500Hz), but it's a nice compact package designed to go into a confined space ...
-- Bill Sloman, Sydney
but it's a nice compact package designed to go into a confined space ...
How fast can you spin a strong diamond, or carbyne even stronger apparently:
before it structurally fails?
cheers, Jamie
Yes, that's exactly what these are, solid NMR samples. I sure haven't heard of 70K RPS, and since we have some pretty strong magnets, I doubt anyone is doing 70K RPS. The spin speed scales with the strength of the superconducting magnet field. I think our strongest one is almost 10 T, and few go above that.
Jon
There are some 1 GHz magnets around, 250T. They have a spiral staircase wrapped around them so you can get to the top to load samples. A couple of megabucks or some such.
Wiki mentioned the 70 KHz value
I think my customers usually run maybe a tenth of that.
Whose stuff do you use? Varian? Bruker?
-- John Larkin Highland Technology Inc www.highlandtechnology.com jlarkin at highlandtechnology dot com Precision electronic instrumentation Picosecond-resolution Digital Delay and Pulse generators Custom timing and laser controllers Photonics and fiberoptic TTL data links VME analog, thermocouple, LVDT, synchro, tachometer Multichannel arbitrary waveform generators
No, I meant 25T, 250K gauss.
-- John Larkin Highland Technology Inc www.highlandtechnology.com jlarkin at highlandtechnology dot com Precision electronic instrumentation Picosecond-resolution Digital Delay and Pulse generators Custom timing and laser controllers Photonics and fiberoptic TTL data links VME analog, thermocouple, LVDT, synchro, tachometer Multichannel arbitrary waveform generators
A 1 GHz proton nmr magnet is 23.5 T, not 250.
There are some 1 GHz magnets around, 250T. They have a spiral staircase wrapped around them so you can get to the top to load samples. A couple of megabucks or some such.
Wiki mentioned the 70 KHz value
I think my customers usually run maybe a tenth of that.
Whose stuff do you use? Varian? Bruker?
-- John Larkin Highland Technology Inc www.highlandtechnology.com jlarkin at highlandtechnology dot com Precision electronic instrumentation Picosecond-resolution Digital Delay and Pulse generators Custom timing and laser controllers Photonics and fiberoptic TTL data links VME analog, thermocouple, LVDT, synchro, tachometer Multichannel arbitrary waveform generators
Any idea what the tensile strength of calcite is? I note the comment from one of the investigators: "The rotation rate is so fast that the angular acceleration at the sphere surface is 1 billion times that of gravity on the Earth surface? it's amazing that the centrifugal forces do not cause the sphere to disintegrate!".
Somewhat OT, but around 50 years ago I remember looking through a textbook of electronic circuits, published in the mid-50s. IIRC, one was used to spin a small aluminium rod, I think about 10 mm long and 5 mm across (hexagonal cross-section), to 5 million rpm in a vacuum. The rod was levitated above a coil by a magnetic field, and another coil applied a spin to it. It's many years ago, so my memory may be incorrect, but I think it took at least 2 hours for the rod to reach maximum speed. Is that possible, or is my imagination working overtime?!
-- Jeff
Sounds reasonable. The torque you can get that way isn't that big, unless you have a lot of iron (as in a squirrel cage motor).
Small single crystals can be quite a bit stronger than bulk material, especially if they're prepared so as to have a very smooth surface. (It's the largest crack that limits the ultimate strength, just like the proverbial weakest link in a chain.)
Cheers
Phil Hobbs
-- Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics 160 North State Road #203 Briarcliff Manor NY 10510 USA +1 845 480 2058 hobbs at electrooptical dot net http://electrooptical.net
Interesting that an 'aluminium' rod was levitated by a coil.
or, even iron, makes one wonder how much 'drag' is then exerted upon the rotation by the earth's field. Maybe gone faster?
Good conductor and not too heavy, eddies swirl happily inside to create a response to the alternating magnetic field.
-- Tauno Voipio
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