I worked for one of the companies that did wholesale bandwidth and connectivity in the late 90s and early 2000s. Dot com, money was flowing. At the end there was a LOT of dark fiber laying in the ground. If memory serves, we started with 16 wavelengths per fiber, went to 32 and when we sold out I think it was up to 64 or maybe
128. I've seen ads for 192 wavelengths on a single pair of fiber, 400Gbit/s per wavelength.Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Network Telecommunications (aka SPRINT) put a lot of fiber down along their right of way. I never saw one but they had a train setup to lay the cable.
Pipeline companies where also in the business. Williams Communications (WilTEL) came out of Williams Pipeline. They ran the fiber in decommissioned pipelines. They had a pig setup that would run through the line pulling the fiber.
Internet Exchange Points (IXP) used to be this hush hush, secret handshake to talk about it, thing. Now you can pull up a map of the IXPs. A job a few years ago we were setting up a data center, got a fiber link to the closest IXP. They where almost giving away 10G ports because so many networks were moving to 100G links.