Nope. Just electrons (and holes). The electrons can be part of many elements and molecules. The electrons are what "moves" in solutions and wires. I don't know of any molecule or ion that will "move" in the same manner as electrons. Electrons will move (conduct) through a solid wire, through a conductive liquid, and through an ionized gas, all connected in series without any chemical or physical change. Electrons can even be convinced to flow through a vacuum. When you talk about conductivity, you're really talking about the movement (displacement) of electrons (or holes) through a solid, liquid, or gas.
Nope. The ions do not travel through a solid wire.
Distilled water is an insulator.
Conductivity is measured in micromhos per centimeter (µmhos/cm) or microsiemens per centimeter (µs/cm). Distilled water has a conductivity in the range of 0.5 to 3 µmhos/cm. The conductivity of rivers in the United States generally ranges from 50 to 1500 µmhos/cm. Studies of inland fresh waters indicate that streams supporting good mixed fisheries have a range between 150 and 500 µhos/cm. Conductivity outside this range could indicate that the water is not suitable for certain species of fish or macroinvertebrates. Industrial waters can range as high as 10,000 µmhos/cm. </quote>
Take a look at TDS (total dissolved solids) meters.
Incidentally, distilled (or de-ionized) water is tasteless. The quality of good drinking water is not in the water, but rather in the ionized additives.
Nope. Alcohols do not easily ionize. I'll spare you the organic chemistry involved: "THE IONIZATION OF ALCOHOLS"
Think of holes as the temporary lack of a loosely bound electron. Holes are a term of convenience. Electric current was originally declared to flow from + to - by Ben Franklin in about 1746. It wasn't until 1897 that J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. 150 years of doing it wrong was difficult to fix. The invention of semiconductors and doping in about 1950, which uses both electron and hole flow models, made things worse. So, electronics is still stuck with Ben Franklin's hole flow, while physics and chemistry have successfully switched to electron flow.