By knowing some of the details of US Copyright Law (Title 17 of the United States Code).
In the US, that wasn't the case before the Berne Copyright Convention took effect, March 1, 1989. See 17 U.S.C. 405(a):
Sec. 405. Notice of copyright: Omission of notice on certain copies and phonorecords
(a) Effect of Omission Copyright on With respect to copies and phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner before the effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, the omission of the copyright notice described in sections 401 through 403 from copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner does not invalidate the copyright in a if work
- (1) the notice has been omitted from no more than a relatively small number of copies or phonorecords distributed to the public; or
- (2) registration for the work has been made before or is made within five years after the publication without notice, and a reasonable effort is made to add notice to all copies or phonorecords that are distributed to the public in the United States after the omission has been discovered; or
- (3) the notice has been omitted in violation of an express requirement in writing that, as a condition of the copyright owner's authorization of the public distribution of copies or phonorecords, they bear the prescribed notice.
In the case of the ROMs and PLAs I want to extract, none of the conditions for preservation of a copyright without notice have been met.
Also, these parts were sold before the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 (17 USC 901 et seq.) was enacted, so they are not elgible for protection as mask works.
True, because the Berne Convention is in effect. I'm including quotes from your message here as a matter of fair use.
Technically registration is still a legal requirement, even though a copyright notice is not.
However, the main practical effect of registration is that it allows you to collect actual damages for infringement. Without registration, you can only collect statutory damages, though they can be fairly substantial.
Eric