is there such a thing?

Well, it wouldn't have detents, but you could use a rotary encoder wheel and a micro...

I've only seen 4-bit (16 position) binary switches, but that doesn't mean they couldn't exist. 64 or 256 detents might be hard to make mechanically, though...

From memory, Burns makes (or made) a 7-bit mechanical absolute encoder (128 positions). It used some kind of modified Gray code that could be realized with a circuit board, IIRC. I have a sample of it somewhere.

There are optical absolute encoders with at least 10-bit resolution, but you might not like the price.

Of course, incremental optical or mechanical encoders are inexpensive and easily available.

Best regards, Spehro Pefhany