No, I mean what type of processor, FPGA, logic circuits are involved.
The actual data does't matter.
Since this is a new design, look at LPC2148.
This one is ready to use:
There are app notes and lots of source code out there to make a USB data logger. The storage of data can be in FLASH or RAM.
And the chip can plug into a USB port to be read.
You seem to be hung up on the data storage being a RAM chip.
Why ??
If this device will be portable, then some sort of battery will be required to "hold up the RAM" till it gets to the PC.
don