Re: SSD TBW

Aug 21, 2026 2 Replies

Lawrence D’Oliveiro snipped-for-privacy@NZ.invalid wrote: |----------------------------------------------------------------------| |"I found out that a common measure of the projected life of an SSD is | |being given in units of “terabytes written” (TBW). This will typically| |be much larger than the capacity of the drive itself, because it | |includes the sum total of all write operations on the drive, including| |deletion of data. | | | |For example, a 1-terabyte drive could have an expected figure of | |merit, by this measure, of 1000TBW -- that means it should be able to | |endure a total of a petabyte (1000 terabytes) written to it before | |showing signs of failure. | | | |But it seems to me, a 2-terabyte drive made of parts with the same | |quality, meaning each storage cell has the same expected endurance as | |before, should have a proportionately greater figure of merit, namely | |2000TBW. | | | |But the bigger drive will likely not last longer than the smaller one | |-- unless you don’t actually make use of the extra space. | | | |So why not divide the TBW by the actual capacity of the drive? Then | |you end up with a ratio of how much can be written in total, to the | |drive capacity -- call it, say, the “cumulative write ratio”. Both | |those drives would have a cumulative write ratio of 1000. | | | |That number, it seems to me, correlates better to the overall quality | |of the unit than TBW does. E.g. if you see a bigger drive with a | |smaller cumulative write ratio, you can suspect that they are cutting | |corners somewhere to keep the cost down." | |----------------------------------------------------------------------|



I do not yet have a first-hand experience of an SSD failure. Don Y complains in news:sci.electronics.design that an SSD suddenly completely failed, instead of gradual partial degradations of a hard disk. What does Lawrence D’Oliveiro mean by "before showing signs of failure."? This quotation gave me the impression that Lawrence D’Oliveiro does not expect the dramatic all-or-nothing scenario that Don Y reported.



This is a crosspost to news:sci.electronics.design (S.

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With a conventional hard drive, first you might see some error numbers creeping up on your SMART tool, as individual blocks start failing. There is a bad block replacement process that is transparent to the OS so all you see are bad numbers on SMART. Then you start getting media errors and then it's all over.

You can also have dramatic all-at-once errors when the interface fails. I have seen many USB SSDs where the SSD memory remained fine but the USB interface could not get to it.

I have seen lots of ways that SSDs fail. There are likely lots more than I haven't seen yet.

--scott

The firmware in spinning rust controllers has matured over decades. This is not the case with SSDs (especially early entrants to the market).

Note that the media fails in different ways and the controller has to understand these and adequately address them, in the wild.

Many "Thumb drives" have had problematic firmware (some Phison and Hynix controllers). The fix requires a firmware upgrade -- WHILE the drive is still willing to talk to its host.

Or, it suddenly becomes R/O -- better than inaccessible but only if you're not in the process of trying to write to it!

You can likely run a magnetic disk for many years (I have drives with 80K PoH) that still haven't encountered a remapped sector. But, you can exhaust the TBW limit for an SSD in a short time -- if you are ignorant of this limitation. At 200+MB/s, you can scribble 12GB in a minute -- almost a TB in an hour! The type of FLASH used, extent of overprovisioning, level of smarts in the controller, etc. all have a big impact on real-world numbers.

In the early days of WAROM (e.g., ER3400), naive implementations that had previously used BBSRAM for that nonvolatile function would wear out in minutes ("No, you DON'T want to write the changed settings back to the store each time an individual setting is changed! Keep a shadow copy in RAM and use an "impending power fail" signal to quickly stash them to the medium *IFF* (!) SOMETHING HAS CHANGED. It doesn't take long to go through

10^4 erase/write cycles!

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