1. Home
  2. Electronics Design
  3. mini mosfet audio amp design
  4. Page 2

mini mosfet audio amp design

Assuming that you're looking at the graph in the middle of the left column... the labelling of the X axis indicates that this graph is based on the use of a bipolar power supply. The 10-watt number comes at the point where you're using a +15 and a -15 supply, for a peak-to-peak voltage limit of 30 volts.

The chip can run on either a single- or double-sided power supply (the former is shown on Page 2, the latter on Page 1). The overview text on Page 1 refers to a double-sided supply, and that's the version they used to derive the graph on Page 3.

The datasheet suffers from bipolar disorder? :-)

--
Dave Platt                                    AE6EO
Friends of Jade Warrior home page:  http://www.radagast.org/jade-warrior
  I do _not_ wish to receive unsolicited commercial email, and I will
     boycott any company which has the gall to send me such ads!
Reply to
Dave Platt
Loading thread data ...

I got it. I had to blow up the page to 400% to see the +/-. Getting old with cheap reading glasses is a bitch.

Jim

-- "If you think you can, or think you can't, you're right." --Henry Ford

Reply to
RST Engineering (jw)

That IC uses a split supply, and those curves (I see them on Page 4) show output reaching 10 watts for 4 ohm load and a little short of 10 watts into an 8 ohm load with +/- 15 volt supply - that is 30 volts rail-to-rail.

- Don Klipstein ( snipped-for-privacy@misty.com)

Reply to
Don Klipstein

On Mar 21, 8:30=A0am, snipped-for-privacy@gmail.com wrote: > On Mar 21, 6:49 am, " snipped-for-privacy@gmail.com"

60- > > Watt amplifier using a LM3886 from National. You can find lots of > > Schematics, PCB layouts, BOM's etc. >

I built a pair of those my junior year in high school. The biasing was the pits. When I rebuilt it a 2 years later I used bigger heatsinks -

1 per channel and changed the bias a bit by removing the DHD-800 and using a low value pot.

The 40408s are no longer available but a 2N5655 from ON Semi would probably be suitable. The rest should be available. It would be better to run in on split 30 supplies but you'd do well to check out this guy. I believe Phil Allison is a contributor.

formatting link

GG

Reply to
Glenn Gundlach

wrote in message news: snipped-for-privacy@d21g2000prf.googlegroups.com...

Version 4 SHEET 1 1680 1088 WIRE 864 -304 384 -304 WIRE 1568 -304 864 -304 WIRE 384 -288 384 -304 WIRE 384 -224 384 -240 WIRE 864 -176 864 -224 WIRE 864 -176 448 -176 WIRE 1008 -176 864 -176 WIRE 1136 -176 1008 -176 WIRE 1264 -176 1136 -176 WIRE 864 -160 864 -176 WIRE 1008 -160 1008 -176 WIRE 1136 -160 1136 -176 WIRE 1264 -160 1264 -176 WIRE 864 -64 864 -80 WIRE 1008 -64 1008 -80 WIRE 1136 -64 1136 -80 WIRE 1264 -64 1264 -80 WIRE 528 -48 528 -96 WIRE 448 -32 448 -176 WIRE 496 -32 448 -32 WIRE 800 -16 560 -16 WIRE 944 -16 800 -16 WIRE 1072 -16 944 -16 WIRE 1200 -16 1072 -16 WIRE 384 0 384 -224 WIRE 496 0 384 0 WIRE 528 64 528 16 WIRE 608 64 608 -96 WIRE 608 96 608 64 WIRE 544 192 464 192 WIRE 864 192 864 32 WIRE 864 192 624 192 WIRE 1008 192 1008 32 WIRE 1008 192 864 192 WIRE 1136 192 1136 32 WIRE 1136 192 1008 192 WIRE 1264 192 1264 32 WIRE 1264 192 1136 192 WIRE 1456 192 1264 192 WIRE 864 384 864 192 WIRE 1008 384 1008 192 WIRE 1136 384 1136 192 WIRE 1264 384 1264 192 WIRE 528 400 528 352 WIRE -144 416 -320 416 WIRE 64 416 -80 416 WIRE 496 416 64 416 WIRE 624 432 560 432 WIRE 736 432 704 432 WIRE 800 432 736 432 WIRE 944 432 800 432 WIRE 1072 432 944 432 WIRE 1200 432 1072 432 WIRE 464 448 464 192 WIRE 496 448 464 448 WIRE 464 512 464 448 WIRE 528 512 528 464 WIRE 608 512 608 352 WIRE 608 544 608 512 WIRE 736 608 736 496 WIRE 736 784 736 672 WIRE 864 944 864 480 WIRE 1008 944 1008 480 WIRE 1136 944 1136 480 WIRE 1264 944 1264 480 WIRE 736 1024 736 848 WIRE 864 1024 736 1024 WIRE 1008 1024 864 1024 WIRE 1136 1024 1008 1024 WIRE 1264 1024 1136 1024 WIRE 1568 1024 1264 1024 WIRE 1648 1024 1648 -304 WIRE 1648 1056 1648 1024 FLAG 464 592 0 FLAG 64 496 0 FLAG -320 496 0 FLAG 384 80 0 FLAG 1648 1056 0 FLAG 608 96 0 FLAG 608 544 0 FLAG 1456 272 0 SYMBOL res 848 -320 R0 SYMATTR InstName R4 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL pnp2 800 32 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q2 SYMBOL Opamps\\\\UniversalOpamp 528 432 R0 WINDOW 0 -43 -59 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName U1 SYMATTR SpiceLine ilimit=1 rail=0 Vos=0 phimargin=45 SYMBOL Opamps\\\\UniversalOpamp 528 -16 R0 WINDOW 0 -47 -59 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName U2 SYMATTR SpiceLine ilimit=1 rail=0 Vos=0 phimargin=45 SYMBOL res 640 208 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value 10k SYMBOL res 448 608 M180 WINDOW 0 36 76 Left 0 WINDOW 3 36 40 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName R3 SYMATTR Value 500 SYMBOL res 48 400 R0 SYMATTR InstName R5 SYMATTR Value 10k SYMBOL voltage -320 400 R0 WINDOW 3 24 160 Left 0 WINDOW 123 24 132 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 1 1000 0 0 0 200) SYMATTR Value2 AC 1 0 SYMATTR InstName V3 SYMBOL res 848 928 R0 SYMATTR InstName R6 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL diode 368 -288 R0 SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 368 -16 R0 SYMATTR InstName R8 SYMATTR Value 10k SYMBOL voltage 1552 -304 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMATTR Value 30 SYMBOL voltage 512 -96 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V2 SYMATTR Value 35 SYMBOL voltage 512 352 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V4 SYMATTR Value 35 SYMBOL voltage 624 64 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 4 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V5 SYMATTR Value 35 SYMBOL voltage 624 512 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V6 SYMATTR Value 35 SYMBOL voltage 1664 1024 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V7 SYMATTR Value 30 SYMBOL cap -144 432 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 1 SYMBOL res 720 448 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R7 SYMATTR Value 10 SYMBOL diode 720 432 R0 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 720 608 R0 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 720 784 R0 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 848 -176 R0 SYMATTR InstName R9 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1440 176 R0 SYMATTR InstName R10 SYMATTR Value 8 SYMBOL res 992 928 R0 SYMATTR InstName R11 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 992 -176 R0 SYMATTR InstName R12 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL npn2 944 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMBOL pnp2 944 32 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q3 SYMBOL res 1120 928 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1120 -176 R0 SYMATTR InstName R13 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL npn2 1072 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q5 SYMBOL pnp2 1072 32 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q6 SYMBOL res 1248 928 R0 SYMATTR InstName R14 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1248 -176 R0 SYMATTR InstName R15 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL npn2 1200 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q7 SYMBOL pnp2 1200 32 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q8 SYMBOL npn2 800 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q4 TEXT -272 -104 Left 0 !.tran .1

Here is an LTspice model of one I have been playing with.

Bob

Reply to
sycochkn

"sycochkn" wrote in message news: snipped-for-privacy@corp.supernews.com...

sorry wrong model.

Version 4 SHEET 1 2556 776 WIRE 2144 -384 1472 -384 WIRE 608 -304 304 -304 WIRE 720 -304 608 -304 WIRE 1472 -304 1472 -384 WIRE 1472 -304 720 -304 WIRE 1856 -304 1744 -304 WIRE 2416 -304 2304 -304 WIRE 832 -256 480 -256 WIRE 1472 -256 896 -256 WIRE 976 -208 656 -208 WIRE 1072 -208 976 -208 WIRE 1168 -208 1072 -208 WIRE 1280 -208 1168 -208 WIRE 1376 -208 1280 -208 WIRE 1472 -208 1472 -256 WIRE 1472 -208 1456 -208 WIRE 1776 -208 1472 -208 WIRE 1872 -208 1776 -208 WIRE 2144 -208 2144 -384 WIRE 2432 -208 2144 -208 WIRE 976 -176 976 -208 WIRE 1072 -176 1072 -208 WIRE 1168 -176 1168 -208 WIRE 1280 -176 1280 -208 WIRE 976 -48 976 -96 WIRE 1072 -48 1072 -96 WIRE 1168 -48 1168 -96 WIRE 1280 -48 1280 -96 WIRE 1008 0 912 0 WIRE 1104 0 1008 0 WIRE 1216 0 1104 0 WIRE 1232 0 1216 0 WIRE 720 16 720 -304 WIRE 656 32 656 -208 WIRE 688 32 656 32 WIRE 848 48 752 48 WIRE 480 64 480 -256 WIRE 688 64 480 64 WIRE 480 80 480 64 WIRE 976 96 976 48 WIRE 976 96 912 96 WIRE 1744 128 1744 -304 WIRE 1744 128 1680 128 WIRE 1808 128 1744 128 WIRE 2304 128 2304 -304 WIRE 2304 128 2240 128 WIRE 2368 128 2304 128 WIRE 352 192 144 192 WIRE 912 192 432 192 WIRE 976 192 976 96 WIRE 976 192 912 192 WIRE 1072 192 1072 48 WIRE 1072 192 976 192 WIRE 1168 192 1168 48 WIRE 1168 192 1072 192 WIRE 1280 192 1280 48 WIRE 1280 192 1168 192 WIRE 1472 192 1280 192 WIRE 1680 192 1600 192 WIRE 1872 192 1872 -208 WIRE 1872 192 1808 192 WIRE 2160 192 2064 192 WIRE 2240 192 2160 192 WIRE 2432 192 2432 -208 WIRE 2432 192 2368 192 WIRE 912 224 912 192 WIRE 608 240 608 -304 WIRE 576 256 528 256 WIRE 1744 256 1680 256 WIRE 1808 256 1744 256 WIRE 2304 256 2240 256 WIRE 2368 256 2304 256 WIRE 848 272 640 272 WIRE 976 272 976 192 WIRE 1072 272 1072 192 WIRE 1168 272 1168 192 WIRE 1280 272 1280 192 WIRE 480 288 480 160 WIRE 576 288 480 288 WIRE 304 304 304 -304 WIRE 144 320 144 192 WIRE 272 320 144 320 WIRE 1008 320 912 320 WIRE 1104 320 1008 320 WIRE 1216 320 1104 320 WIRE 368 336 336 336 WIRE -128 352 -240 352 WIRE 0 352 -64 352 WIRE 272 352 0 352 WIRE 976 400 976 368 WIRE 1072 400 1072 368 WIRE 1168 400 1168 368 WIRE 1280 400 1280 368 WIRE 144 464 144 320 WIRE 368 496 368 336 WIRE 528 496 528 256 WIRE 528 496 448 496 WIRE 736 496 528 496 WIRE 976 496 976 480 WIRE 976 496 816 496 WIRE 1072 496 1072 480 WIRE 1072 496 976 496 WIRE 1168 496 1168 480 WIRE 1168 496 1072 496 WIRE 1280 496 1280 480 WIRE 1280 496 1168 496 WIRE 1360 496 1280 496 WIRE 1472 496 1440 496 WIRE 1600 496 1600 192 WIRE 1600 496 1472 496 WIRE 2160 496 2160 192 WIRE 480 560 480 288 WIRE 832 560 480 560 WIRE 1472 560 1472 496 WIRE 1472 560 896 560 WIRE 144 624 144 544 WIRE 304 640 304 368 WIRE 608 640 608 304 WIRE 608 640 304 640 WIRE 720 640 720 80 WIRE 720 640 608 640 WIRE 1472 640 720 640 WIRE 1744 640 1744 256 WIRE 1856 640 1744 640 WIRE 1936 640 1936 -304 WIRE 2304 640 2304 256 WIRE 2416 640 2304 640 WIRE 2496 640 2496 -304 WIRE 1936 688 1936 640 WIRE 2496 688 2496 640 WIRE 1472 768 1472 640 WIRE 2064 768 2064 192 WIRE 2064 768 1472 768 FLAG 144 624 0 FLAG 1936 688 0 FLAG -240 432 0 FLAG 0 432 0 FLAG 1472 272 0 FLAG 1776 -144 0 FLAG 1600 560 0 FLAG 2496 688 0 FLAG 2144 -144 0 FLAG 2160 560 0 SYMBOL pnp2 912 48 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q2 SYMBOL res 128 560 M180 WINDOW 0 36 76 Left 0 WINDOW 3 36 40 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName R3 SYMATTR Value 1K SYMBOL voltage 1840 -304 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 15 60) SYMBOL voltage 1952 640 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V7 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 15 60) SYMBOL Opamps\\\\UniversalOpamp 720 48 R0 SYMATTR InstName U1 SYMATTR SpiceLine ilimit=100m rail=0 Vos=0 phimargin=45 SYMBOL res 464 64 R0 SYMATTR InstName R5 SYMATTR Value 2.7k SYMBOL Opamps\\\\UniversalOpamp 304 336 R0 SYMATTR InstName U2 SYMATTR SpiceLine ilimit=100m rail=0 Vos=0 phimargin=45 SYMBOL Opamps\\\\UniversalOpamp 608 272 R0 SYMATTR InstName U3 SYMATTR SpiceLine ilimit=100m rail=0 Vos=0 phimargin=45 SYMBOL res -16 336 R0 SYMATTR InstName R8 SYMATTR Value 10k SYMBOL cap -128 368 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 1 SYMBOL res 1360 -192 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value .2 SYMBOL res 1344 512 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL diode 832 544 M90 WINDOW 0 0 32 VBottom 0 WINDOW 3 32 32 VTop 0 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 896 -272 R90 WINDOW 0 0 32 VBottom 0 WINDOW 3 32 32 VTop 0 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 336 208 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R4 SYMATTR Value 11k SYMBOL res 720 512 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R6 SYMATTR Value 1k SYMBOL res 352 512 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 0 56 VBottom 0 SYMATTR InstName R7 SYMATTR Value 10k SYMBOL voltage -240 336 R0 WINDOW 123 24 132 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR Value2 AC 1 0 SYMATTR InstName V2 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 1 1000 0 0 0 1500) SYMBOL pnp2 848 96 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMBOL npn2 848 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q4 SYMBOL pnp2 1008 48 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q5 SYMBOL pnp2 1104 48 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q7 SYMBOL res 960 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName R10 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1056 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName R11 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1152 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName R13 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL pnp2 1216 48 M180 SYMATTR InstName Q9 SYMBOL res 1264 384 R0 SYMATTR InstName R15 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 960 -192 R0 SYMATTR InstName R16 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1056 -192 R0 SYMATTR InstName R17 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1152 -192 R0 SYMATTR InstName R19 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1264 -192 R0 SYMATTR InstName R21 SYMATTR Value .1 SYMBOL res 1456 176 R0 SYMATTR InstName R9 SYMATTR Value 4 SYMBOL npn 1216 272 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q3 SYMBOL npn 1104 272 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q6 SYMBOL npn 1008 272 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q8 SYMBOL npn 912 272 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q10 SYMBOL schottky 1792 128 R0 SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL schottky 1664 192 R0 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL schottky 1696 192 R180 WINDOW 0 24 72 Left 0 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL schottky 1824 256 R180 WINDOW 0 24 72 Left 0 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 1760 -208 R0 SYMATTR InstName C2 SYMATTR Value 100000µf SYMBOL cap 1584 496 R0 SYMATTR InstName C3 SYMATTR Value 100000µf SYMBOL voltage 2400 -304 R270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V3 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 18.5 60) SYMBOL voltage 2512 640 M270 WINDOW 0 32 56 VTop 0 WINDOW 3 -32 56 VBottom 0 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 0 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName V4 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 18.5 60) SYMBOL schottky 2352 128 R0 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL schottky 2224 192 R0 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL schottky 2256 192 R180 WINDOW 0 24 72 Left 0 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL schottky 2384 256 R180 WINDOW 0 24 72 Left 0 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 0 SYMATTR InstName D10 SYMATTR Value MBR20100CT SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 2128 -208 R0 SYMATTR InstName C4 SYMATTR Value 10000µf SYMBOL cap 2144 496 R0 SYMATTR InstName C5 SYMATTR Value 10000µf TEXT -272 712 Left 0 !.tran 0 .52 .5

Bob

Reply to
sycochkn

It seems that the upper bank of transistors are on constantly with a combined current of 3.6 amps, which is also drawn by the lower bank with no input. So with 15 volt supplies you are blowing 108 watts without any output. The good news is that the efficiency gets better as you approach maximum output. Maybe as good as a "real" amplifier.

Also, look what happens with a 3.2 ohm load. Nasty clipping and spikes.

This does not seem to be a good design. And you really should use models of actual parts, rather than generic op-amps and NPN and PNP transistors.

There are many simpler and much better circuits you can make.

Paul

Reply to
Paul E. Schoen

The nasty clipping is supposed to happen. with excessive current load I think that the circuit will also do nicely with the output shorted to either rail. The 108 watts is not an accident that is why there are 8 output transistors. class A amplifiers tend to do that.

Bob

Reply to
sycochkn

Check out Zenni Optical. They'll make you a pair with the right (single) prescription and interpupillary distance for _eight_bucks_. They also do fancier things--nice frames with coated lenses for $35, for instance. Drugstore glasses are horrible unless your interpupillary distance happens to be 66 mm. Mine is about 71, so I even if I wear the drugstore glasses way down my nose, they still make my eyes twist.

Cheers,

Phil Hobbs

Reply to
Phil Hobbs

formatting link
?pgno=4

However....if one is using the lateral Hitachi (2SK50 2SJ135) mosfets, they have a pretty close to zero Tc at around 100ma bias, and so not much of a problem.

I think the most serious problem with this circuit is the lack of a gate source zener clamps. An output S/C will cause up to the full 48 volts to be applied to said gate source, frying said gate source.

--
Kevin Aylward
ka@kevinaylward.co.uk
www.kevinaylward.co.uk
Reply to
Kevin Aylward

ElectronDepot website is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here. All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners.