Do you know of any lossless ones?
My experience is that input energy is greater than output energy, due to the following losses:
- I-squared-R losses from current flowing through the battery's internal resistance, both charging and discharging.
- Charging sometimes does not stop until after charge is complete. The energy in the excess amunt of charging is all converted to heat.
- Batteries have some self-discharge, especially rechargeable ones.
- In addition to the above, I have seen another one: Hysteresis of voltage between charging and discharging, in lead-acid batteries. For example, a 12V lead-acid battery when 80% of the way charged can have a voltage of 12.6 volts while discharging and 13.2-13.5 volts while charging, even at current low enough for I*R drop to be less than .1 volt.
- Don Klipstein ( snipped-for-privacy@misty.com)