After weeks of dithering I bit the bullet and sent my little adapter board off to a domestic fab with an actual online instant quoting tool. 2 x 1 inch, single layer, basically just a connector breakout, and the quote came back in about a minute. No form filling, no waiting for some sales guy to email me a number. Paid it same afternoon and had five boards on my desk in three days total. Cost me more than the overseas option would have, somewhere around double, but the board fit my footprint the first try and now I'm not stuck waiting a week every time I spot a mistake. For a one-off prototype stage that tradeoff is completely worth it to me. The trick honestly was just scrolling past the big old-school fab houses on the first page of search results, they all want you to request a quote like it's 2005. The ones with real-time pricing on thier sites seem to be smaller and more geared toward hobbyist and short-run work.
If you're shopping around, search specifically for instant quote PCB and skip anything whose website asks you to upload files for review first. That seems to be the dividing line.