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ucted by convection and the heat transfer by radiation is negligible. For h eat flow horizontal it is some what effective.
I'm not sure what you mean here by 'up' and 'down'--in this context of a refrigerator and a window, the surfaces are both vertical and the heat flow is horizontal, through the insulation.
Vertical surfaces produce convection, but the effects of that are included in my temperature differential measurements across the outboard 'fridge insulation. No attempt was made to block convection.
For the windows I should've noted that I've got either blinds or drapes covering the inside surface to discourage convection, with air gaps between blinds / car shade / window.
= s w (inside) = s w (outside) = s w
blinds: '=' shade: 's' window: 'w'
does not conduct heat well. Argon is similar. So polyurethane foam is a m uch better insulation than polystyrene foam. At least for some years. Eve ntually water vapor gets into the polyurethane foam.
I was surprised to realize / learn that the insulating value of a material is nearly completely inversely dependent on its density--the insulation value comes not from the material, but from the air gaps. The materials' thermal conductivities are nearly always so much higher than their trapped air that the 'insulating' material used almost doesn't matter.
Cheers, James Arthur