Here you are showing you don't understand the difference between power and energy. Damage to the cells happen from the overcurrent regardless of the temperature. By your reasoning you should be able to pump the cell with 100C if you do it for a short enough time.
One wear mechanism is plating of lithium on the graphite anode instead of lithium being intercalated. Intercalation is a reversible reaction while plating is not. Lithium is preferentially plated at higher currents. It doesn't matter that the current is short enough the battery temperature doesn't rise a lot.