There isn't any, really. 'ext', 'ext2', 'ext3', and 'reiser' are common; any kind of FAT partition is mountable. (FAT16, FAT32, FAT32 LBA, and something called VFAT; I don't know the difference with VFAT.
And Linux can itself be installed on a FAT partition and work just fine; This is probably another thing newbies don't like - Decisions, Decisions! ;-)
Cheers! Rich