Here is a hint if you want to put a number of diodes in series but without actually adding them one-by-one on the schematic.
Hold down CTRL while you click on the diode. On the Value line of the dialogue box will be the component type name. After a space add N=10 (or however many devices you want).
This might also work for resistors and capacitors. Also, I thing there is a way a similar procedure can add the components in parallel. I don't remember the details right now.
Cheers, John S
OoooPs! I failed to mention that I labelled the anode of D1 as A and the cathode as C in order to simplify writing the statements. Sorry to have left that out.
JohnS
Exploring some of this, I learned that m=10 (or however many) will parallel diodes. For resistors and capacitors, N=? doesn't work but m=? will work.
Happy Holidays, John S
"John S" wrote in message news:jd5nvf$cuv$ snipped-for-privacy@dont-email.me...
You must perform the calculation over a time period where steady state=20 conditions have been established. I had not used the .meas directive = before,=20 so I had to learn about that (which is very useful). I had been just=20 selecting a span of between say, 0.3 to 0.8 seconds. So here are the = revised=20 directives (where I relabeled the input AC1 and AC2, and the voltage = across=20 the simulated LED string as L1 and L2.
.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.3 = RISE=3D1 targ=20 V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 .meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,L2)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.3 = RISE=3D1 targ=20 V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 .meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1
pd1: AVG(v(ac1,ac2)*i(v1))=3D-5.15859 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 pd2: AVG(v(l1,l2)*i(d1))=3D3.53254 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 eff: 100*pd2/pd1=3D-68.4788
I have not checked to see if the efficiency is any better than a simple=20 resistor (or linear constant current regulator).
150V P-P, Input 2.45W, Output 2.23W, 16 mA, 91% 175V P-P, Input 4.36W, Output 3.47W, 24.8 mA, 79% 200V P-P, Input 5.16W, Output 3.53W, 25.2 mA, 68%Here are the results for the simple 25 mA linear regulator version:
150VP-P: 15.65 mA 81.0% (106 VAC) compared to 91%, 19/9 =3D 2.1 times = less=20 efficient 175VP-P: 24.9 mA 74.2% (nominal 120 VAC) compared to 79%, 15.8/21 =3D = 75%=20 worse 200VP-P: 25.8 mA 64.1% (141 VAC) compared to 68.4%, only a little bit =worse
360VP-P: 29.6 mA 33.9% (for 240 VAC use, just for fun)Of course the major source of inefficiency is the LED string itself,=20 probably no more than 60%.
Same to you. Thanks.
Paul and Muttley
Version 4 SHEET 1 2928 680 WIRE 144 -80 96 -80 WIRE 320 -80 208 -80 WIRE 432 -80 320 -80 WIRE 496 -80 432 -80 WIRE 544 -80 496 -80 WIRE 432 -48 432 -80 WIRE 432 48 432 16 WIRE -96 64 -112 64 WIRE -64 64 -96 64 WIRE -32 64 -64 64 WIRE 64 64 32 64 WIRE 96 64 96 -80 WIRE 96 64 64 64 WIRE 432 128 432 112 WIRE -32 144 -48 144 WIRE 64 144 64 64 WIRE 64 144 32 144 WIRE 320 144 320 -80 WIRE -112 160 -112 64 WIRE 432 224 432 192 WIRE 544 224 544 -80 WIRE -64 256 -64 64 WIRE -32 256 -64 256 WIRE 320 272 320 224 WIRE 368 272 320 272 WIRE -112 352 -112 240 WIRE -96 352 -112 352 WIRE -48 352 -48 144 WIRE -48 352 -96 352 WIRE -32 352 -48 352 WIRE 32 352 32 256 WIRE 32 400 32 352 WIRE 208 400 32 400 WIRE 320 400 208 400 WIRE 432 400 320 400 WIRE 512 400 432 400 WIRE 544 400 544 288 WIRE 544 400 512 400 WIRE 208 432 208 400 FLAG 208 432 0 FLAG 496 -80 L1 FLAG 512 400 L2 FLAG -96 64 AC1 FLAG -96 352 AC2 SYMBOL LED 416 128 R0 WINDOW 3 -48 67 Left 2 SYMATTR Value NSSWS108T SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL voltage -112 144 R0 WINDOW 3 -53 -83 VRight 2 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 2 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 2 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 150 60 50m 0 0 60) SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMBOL diode -32 80 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode -32 160 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 272 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 368 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL zener 448 16 R180 WINDOW 0 24 64 Left 2 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL zener 448 112 R180 WINDOW 0 24 64 Left 2 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 528 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 10=B5 SYMBOL diode 144 -64 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D10 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL npn 368 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMATTR Value 2N5550 SYMBOL res 416 304 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 20 SYMBOL diode 304 336 R0 WINDOW 0 -39 3 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -80 31 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 304 272 R0 WINDOW 0 -35 5 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -82 35 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 304 128 R0 WINDOW 0 -44 45 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -47 76 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value 50k TEXT -184 400 Left 2 !.tran 1 startup TEXT 568 -40 Left 2 !.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 -16 Left 2 !.meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,n004)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 16 Left 2 !.meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1 TEXT 616 120 Left 2 ;175VP-P: 24.9 mA 74.2% TEXT 616 80 Left 2 ;200VP-P: 25.8 mA 64.1% TEXT 616 168 Left 2 ;150VP-P: 15.65 mA 81.0% TEXT 616 40 Left 2 ;360VP-P: 29.6 mA 33.9%
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D = Linear circuit 120VLED1.ASC=20 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D
Version 4 SHEET 1 2928 680 WIRE 144 -80 96 -80 WIRE 320 -80 208 -80 WIRE 432 -80 320 -80 WIRE 496 -80 432 -80 WIRE 544 -80 496 -80 WIRE 432 -48 432 -80 WIRE 432 48 432 16 WIRE -96 64 -112 64 WIRE -64 64 -96 64 WIRE -32 64 -64 64 WIRE 64 64 32 64 WIRE 96 64 96 -80 WIRE 96 64 64 64 WIRE 432 128 432 112 WIRE -32 144 -48 144 WIRE 64 144 64 64 WIRE 64 144 32 144 WIRE 320 144 320 -80 WIRE -112 160 -112 64 WIRE 432 224 432 192 WIRE 544 224 544 -80 WIRE -64 256 -64 64 WIRE -32 256 -64 256 WIRE 320 272 320 224 WIRE 368 272 320 272 WIRE -112 352 -112 240 WIRE -96 352 -112 352 WIRE -48 352 -48 144 WIRE -48 352 -96 352 WIRE -32 352 -48 352 WIRE 32 352 32 256 WIRE 32 400 32 352 WIRE 208 400 32 400 WIRE 320 400 208 400 WIRE 432 400 320 400 WIRE 512 400 432 400 WIRE 544 400 544 288 WIRE 544 400 512 400 WIRE 208 432 208 400 FLAG 208 432 0 FLAG 496 -80 L1 FLAG 512 400 L2 FLAG -96 64 AC1 FLAG -96 352 AC2 SYMBOL LED 416 128 R0 WINDOW 3 -48 67 Left 2 SYMATTR Value NSSWS108T SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL voltage -112 144 R0 WINDOW 3 -53 -83 VRight 2 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 2 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 2 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 150 60 50m 0 0 60) SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMBOL diode -32 80 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode -32 160 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 272 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 368 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL zener 448 16 R180 WINDOW 0 24 64 Left 2 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL zener 448 112 R180 WINDOW 0 24 64 Left 2 WINDOW 3 24 0 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 528 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 10=B5 SYMBOL diode 144 -64 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D10 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL npn 368 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMATTR Value 2N5550 SYMBOL res 416 304 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 20 SYMBOL diode 304 336 R0 WINDOW 0 -39 3 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -80 31 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 304 272 R0 WINDOW 0 -35 5 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -82 35 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 304 128 R0 WINDOW 0 -44 45 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -47 76 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value 50k TEXT -184 400 Left 2 !.tran 1 startup TEXT 568 -40 Left 2 !.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 -16 Left 2 !.meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,n004)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 16 Left 2 !.meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1 TEXT 616 120 Left 2 ;175VP-P: 24.9 mA 74.2% TEXT 616 80 Left 2 ;200VP-P: 25.8 mA 64.1% TEXT 616 168 Left 2 ;150VP-P: 15.65 mA 81.0% TEXT 616 40 Left 2 ;360VP-P: 29.6 mA 33.9%=20
Here is an even simpler circuit which is about 85-88% efficient from 106 =
VRMS to 280 VRMS. Actual data:
140VP-P: 4.89 mA 75.2% (100 VRMS) 150VP-P: 16.4 mA 87.5% (106 VRMS) 175VP-P: 21.6 mA 85.2% (124 VRMS, 3.54 W) 200VP-P: 22.6 mA 86.0% (141 VRMS) 360VP-P: 26.6 mA 84.9% (254 VRMS) 400VP-P: 27.3 mA 83.7% (282 VRMS)Changing the emitter resistor to 10 ohms provides 40 mA at about 10 = watts=20 and 91% efficiency:
pd1: AVG(v(ac1,ac2)*i(v1))=3D-7.00856 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 pd2: AVG(v(l1,n004)*i(d1))=3D6.40092 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 eff: 100*pd2/pd1=3D-91.3299
Paul
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D 120V_LED_Lamp_Inductor = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Version 4 SHEET 1 2928 680 WIRE 144 -112 96 -112 WIRE 432 -112 208 -112 WIRE 496 -112 432 -112 WIRE 544 -112 496 -112 WIRE 432 -96 432 -112 WIRE 496 -16 496 -112 WIRE -96 64 -112 64 WIRE -64 64 -96 64 WIRE -32 64 -64 64 WIRE 64 64 32 64 WIRE 96 64 96 -112 WIRE 96 64 64 64 WIRE 320 64 96 64 WIRE 432 128 432 112 WIRE -32 144 -48 144 WIRE 64 144 64 64 WIRE 64 144 32 144 WIRE 320 144 320 64 WIRE -112 160 -112 64 WIRE 432 208 432 192 WIRE 496 208 496 48 WIRE 496 208 432 208 WIRE 432 224 432 208 WIRE 544 224 544 -112 WIRE -64 256 -64 64 WIRE -32 256 -64 256 WIRE 320 272 320 224 WIRE 368 272 320 272 WIRE -112 352 -112 240 WIRE -96 352 -112 352 WIRE -48 352 -48 144 WIRE -48 352 -96 352 WIRE -32 352 -48 352 WIRE 32 352 32 256 WIRE 32 400 32 352 WIRE 208 400 32 400 WIRE 320 400 208 400 WIRE 432 400 320 400 WIRE 512 400 432 400 WIRE 544 400 544 288 WIRE 544 400 512 400 WIRE 208 432 208 400 FLAG 208 432 0 FLAG 496 -112 L1 FLAG 512 400 L2 FLAG -96 64 AC1 FLAG -96 352 AC2 SYMBOL LED 416 128 R0 WINDOW 3 -48 67 Left 2 SYMATTR Value NSSWS108T SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL voltage -112 144 R0 WINDOW 3 -53 -83 VRight 2 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 2 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 2 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 140 60 50m 0 0 60) SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMBOL diode -32 80 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode -32 160 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 272 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 368 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL zener 448 48 R180 WINDOW 0 34 50 Left 2 WINDOW 3 31 19 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL zener 448 112 R180 WINDOW 0 33 52 Left 2 WINDOW 3 31 24 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 528 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 10=B5 SYMBOL diode 144 -96 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D10 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL npn 368 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMATTR Value 2N5550 SYMBOL res 416 304 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 20 SYMBOL diode 304 336 R0 WINDOW 0 -39 3 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -80 31 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 304 272 R0 WINDOW 0 -35 5 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -82 35 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 304 128 R0 WINDOW 0 -44 45 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -47 76 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value 50k SYMBOL ind 416 -112 R0 WINDOW 0 -23 33 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -42 63 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName L1 SYMATTR Value 10m SYMBOL diode 512 48 R180 WINDOW 0 -28 67 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -4 -83 VRight 2 SYMATTR InstName D11 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 TEXT -184 400 Left 2 !.tran 1 startup TEXT 568 -40 Left 2 !.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 -16 Left 2 !.meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,n004)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 16 Left 2 !.meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1 TEXT 616 168 Left 2 ;175VP-P: 21.6 mA 85.2% TEXT 616 136 Left 2 ;200VP-P: 22.6 mA 86.0% TEXT 616 200 Left 2 ;150VP-P: 16.4 mA 87.5% TEXT 616 104 Left 2 ;360VP-P: 26.6 mA 84.9% TEXT 616 72 Left 2 ;400VP-P: 27.3 mA 83.7% TEXT 616 232 Left 2 ;140VP-P: 4.89 mA 75.2%=20
I did perform the calculation over the time period of one full cycle by specifying the start at cycle 10 and the finish at cycle 11. That also means that the measurement does not start until the 10th cycle (steady state). The integral (AVG) occurs over that one cycle period which you have not done. Worse, you start with rise = 1 which is the first rise of the waveform out of the gate. You have not waited for steady state. Also, you start after .3s and wait .7 sec and specify your power calculation. Not correct, especially since you specify fall of 1. It is a mess.
If correctly done, you get:
pd1: AVG(v(ac1,ac2)*i(v1))=-5.43798 FROM 0.2 TO 0.216667 pd2: AVG(v(l1,l2)*i(d1))=0.15119 FROM 0.2 TO 0.216667 eff: 100*pd2/pd1=-2.78027
if you use:
.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=0 RISE=10 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=0 rise=11 .meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,L2)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=0 RISE=10 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=0 rise=11 .meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1
One way of validating my statements is by using the ALT key while clicking on the LED and then enclosing the waveform in a rectangle which includes a WHOLE number of cycles (including the dead time) and then using CTRL while clicking on the waveform statement at the top.
Also a little common sense will show that the PEAK power in the LED is not more that 1.5W which is less than your origina declaration of 1.98W.
I'm not trying to be nasty to you. I admire your posts. My aim here is to help you be more accurate with LTSpice, or learn how and why I am wrong.
Cheers, Paul.
John S
Sorry, I used the wrong reference for the output watts. Here are the = correct=20 results:
140VP-P: 4.89 mA 75.7% (100 VRMS) 150VP-P: 16.4 mA 86.2% (106 VRMS) 175VP-P: 21.6 mA 72.5% (124 VRMS, 3.54 W) 200VP-P: 22.6 mA 63.7% (141 VRMS) 360VP-P: 26.6 mA 34.3% (254 VRMS) 400VP-P: 27.3 mA 30.4% (282 VRMS)The SPICE directives and ASCII file are below:
And the results are:
pd1: AVG(v(ac1,ac2)*i(v1))=3D-4.16018 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 pd2: AVG(v(l1,l2)*i(d1))=3D3.01777 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 eff: 100*pd2/pd1=3D-72.5394 iled: AVG(i(d1))=3D0.0216242 FROM 0.3 TO 0.7
I also made a version using a MOSFET with better results:
140VP-P: 4.63 mA 93.7% (100 VRMS) 150VP-P: 16.5 mA 94.8% (106 VRMS) 175VP-P: 26.7 mA 82.3% (124 VRMS, 3.74 W) 200VP-P: 26.8 mA 71.2% (141 VRMS) 360VP-P: 27.6 mA 39.0% (254 VRMS) 400VP-P: 27.8 mA 34.8% (282 VRMS)pd1: AVG(v(ac1,ac2)*i(v1))=3D-4.53913 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 pd2: AVG(v(l1,l2)*i(d1))=3D3.73625 FROM 0.3 TO 0.708333 eff: 100*pd2/pd1=3D-82.312 iled: AVG(i(d1))=3D0.0266673 FROM 0.3 TO 0.7
I suspected that something had to be wrong. It was too good to be true. = And=20 it can't be that simple. But if the MOSFET were turned solidly on and = off it=20 would be better.
Paul
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D LED_Lamp_120V_Reg = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Version 4 SHEET 1 2928 680 WIRE 144 -112 96 -112 WIRE 432 -112 208 -112 WIRE 496 -112 432 -112 WIRE 544 -112 496 -112 WIRE 432 -96 432 -112 WIRE 496 -16 496 -112 WIRE -96 64 -112 64 WIRE -64 64 -96 64 WIRE -32 64 -64 64 WIRE 64 64 32 64 WIRE 96 64 96 -112 WIRE 96 64 64 64 WIRE 320 64 96 64 WIRE 496 112 496 48 WIRE 432 128 432 112 WIRE -32 144 -48 144 WIRE 64 144 64 64 WIRE 64 144 32 144 WIRE 320 144 320 64 WIRE -112 160 -112 64 WIRE 432 208 432 192 WIRE 496 208 496 112 WIRE 496 208 432 208 WIRE 432 224 432 208 WIRE 544 224 544 -112 WIRE -64 256 -64 64 WIRE -32 256 -64 256 WIRE 320 272 320 224 WIRE 368 272 320 272 WIRE -112 352 -112 240 WIRE -96 352 -112 352 WIRE -48 352 -48 144 WIRE -48 352 -96 352 WIRE -32 352 -48 352 WIRE 32 352 32 256 WIRE 32 400 32 352 WIRE 208 400 32 400 WIRE 320 400 208 400 WIRE 432 400 320 400 WIRE 544 400 544 288 WIRE 544 400 432 400 WIRE 208 432 208 400 FLAG 208 432 0 FLAG 496 -112 L1 FLAG 496 112 L2 FLAG -96 64 AC1 FLAG -96 352 AC2 SYMBOL LED 416 128 R0 WINDOW 3 -48 67 Left 2 SYMATTR Value NSSWS108T SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL voltage -112 144 R0 WINDOW 3 -53 -83 VRight 2 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 2 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 2 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 175 60 50m 0 0 60) SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMBOL diode -32 80 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode -32 160 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 272 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 368 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL zener 448 48 R180 WINDOW 0 34 50 Left 2 WINDOW 3 31 19 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL zener 448 112 R180 WINDOW 0 33 52 Left 2 WINDOW 3 31 24 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 528 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 10=B5 SYMBOL diode 144 -96 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D10 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL npn 368 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMATTR Value 2N5550 SYMBOL res 416 304 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 20 SYMBOL diode 304 336 R0 WINDOW 0 -39 3 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -80 31 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 304 272 R0 WINDOW 0 -35 5 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -82 35 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 304 128 R0 WINDOW 0 -44 45 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -47 76 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value 50k SYMBOL ind 416 -112 R0 WINDOW 0 -23 33 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -42 63 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName L1 SYMATTR Value 10m SYMBOL diode 512 48 R180 WINDOW 0 -28 67 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -4 -83 VRight 2 SYMATTR InstName D11 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 TEXT -184 400 Left 2 !.tran 1 startup TEXT 568 -40 Left 2 !.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 -16 Left 2 !.meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,L2)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) = val=3D0=20 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 16 Left 2 !.meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1 TEXT 616 168 Left 2 ;175VP-P: 21.6 mA 72.5% TEXT 616 136 Left 2 ;200VP-P: 22.6 mA 63.7% TEXT 616 200 Left 2 ;150VP-P: 16.3 mA 86.2% TEXT 616 104 Left 2 ;360VP-P: 26.6 mA 34.3% TEXT 616 72 Left 2 ;400VP-P: 27.3 mA 30.4% TEXT 616 232 Left 2 ;140VP-P: 4.89 mA 75.7% TEXT 576 -64 Left 2 !.meas tran Iled avg I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 = td=3D.3=20 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 RISE=3D1
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D LED_Lamp_120V_MOSFET = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Version 4 SHEET 1 2928 680 WIRE 144 -112 96 -112 WIRE 432 -112 208 -112 WIRE 496 -112 432 -112 WIRE 544 -112 496 -112 WIRE 432 -96 432 -112 WIRE 496 -16 496 -112 WIRE -96 64 -112 64 WIRE -64 64 -96 64 WIRE -32 64 -64 64 WIRE 64 64 32 64 WIRE 96 64 96 -112 WIRE 96 64 64 64 WIRE 320 64 96 64 WIRE 496 112 496 48 WIRE 432 128 432 112 WIRE -32 144 -48 144 WIRE 64 144 64 64 WIRE 64 144 32 144 WIRE 320 144 320 64 WIRE -112 160 -112 64 WIRE 432 208 432 192 WIRE 496 208 496 112 WIRE 496 208 432 208 WIRE 432 224 432 208 WIRE 544 224 544 -112 WIRE -64 256 -64 64 WIRE -32 256 -64 256 WIRE 320 272 320 224 WIRE 368 272 320 272 WIRE -112 352 -112 240 WIRE -96 352 -112 352 WIRE -48 352 -48 144 WIRE -48 352 -96 352 WIRE -32 352 -48 352 WIRE 32 352 32 256 WIRE 32 400 32 352 WIRE 208 400 32 400 WIRE 320 400 208 400 WIRE 432 400 320 400 WIRE 544 400 544 288 WIRE 544 400 432 400 WIRE 208 432 208 400 FLAG 208 432 0 FLAG 496 -112 L1 FLAG 496 112 L2 FLAG -96 64 AC1 FLAG -96 352 AC2 SYMBOL LED 416 128 R0 WINDOW 3 -48 67 Left 2 SYMATTR Value NSSWS108T SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL voltage -112 144 R0 WINDOW 3 -53 -83 VRight 2 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 2 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 2 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 175 60 50m 0 0 60) SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMBOL diode -32 80 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode -32 160 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 272 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 32 368 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL zener 448 48 R180 WINDOW 0 34 50 Left 2 WINDOW 3 31 19 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL zener 448 112 R180 WINDOW 0 33 52 Left 2 WINDOW 3 31 24 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value 1N5373B SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL cap 528 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 10=B5 SYMBOL diode 144 -96 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D10 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL npn 368 224 R0 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMATTR Value 2N5550 SYMBOL res 416 304 R0 SYMATTR InstName R1 SYMATTR Value 20 SYMBOL diode 304 336 R0 WINDOW 0 -39 3 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -80 31 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL diode 304 272 R0 WINDOW 0 -35 5 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -82 35 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value 1N4148 SYMBOL res 304 128 R0 WINDOW 0 -44 45 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -47 76 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R2 SYMATTR Value 50k SYMBOL ind 416 -112 R0 WINDOW 0 -23 33 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -42 63 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName L1 SYMATTR Value 10m SYMBOL diode 512 48 R180 WINDOW 0 -28 67 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -4 -83 VRight 2 SYMATTR InstName D11 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 TEXT -184 400 Left 2 !.tran 1 startup TEXT 568 -40 Left 2 !.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 -16 Left 2 !.meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,L2)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) = val=3D0=20 td=3D.3 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 FALL=3D1 TEXT 568 16 Left 2 !.meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1 TEXT 616 168 Left 2 ;175VP-P: 21.6 mA 72.5% TEXT 616 136 Left 2 ;200VP-P: 22.6 mA 63.7% TEXT 616 200 Left 2 ;150VP-P: 16.3 mA 86.2% TEXT 616 104 Left 2 ;360VP-P: 26.6 mA 34.3% TEXT 616 72 Left 2 ;400VP-P: 27.3 mA 30.4% TEXT 616 232 Left 2 ;140VP-P: 4.89 mA 75.7% TEXT 576 -64 Left 2 !.meas tran Iled avg I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 = td=3D.3=20 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.7 RISE=3D1=20
You need some anger management idiot. I'm sorry to hear your wife beats you.
That is not what they wrap that lanyard around. Try again.
I'm a bull. If you tug on my prick, I might like it. We can't show
*that* thing to the crowd in the stands!If you tug on my nuts, I'm gonna get mad!
Now, just where do you think they wrap that rope again?
Bully, bully.
His post did not appear angry to me, idiot.
I'm not sorry for chumps like you whom are 100% immature from one moment to the next, interlaced with some modicum of mature behavior, and using that as an excuse or claim of civility or intelligent participation in civil society.
With posts like yours, however, you negate any and all mature behavior you have ever exhibited with this ill conceived stupidity.
I am not sorry to have noticed that your mother should have been jailed for failing to flush you the moment she shat you.
Grow the f*ck up. You need some maturity management, punk. Until then, your mental age will not exceed 12. So until you shape up, your IQ has been in steady decline each year since your 12th birthday.
Of course you'd like it if another guy played with your privates. You'd love it.
John
I will accept this one for now:
I will accept this one for now if you tell me that you want pd2 to include the powers in D1, D7, D8 and the inductor:
Note that there is only about .084W *peak* in D1. Most of your output power is in D7 and D8 (a little less than 3W total in those zeners).
Where is the MOSFET?
Wait!
I went back and re-read your first post. I then realized that you are using two zeners (+1 LED) in series to represent your load. Now I understand why you are measuring the power as you are and correctly so.
May I suggest that you delete the two zeners and add N=41 to the LED value? Then, when you query the power dissipated in the LED, it will show the power waveform for the string.
I'm slowly recognizing the errors I've committed by not understanding your presentation clearly. My apologies.
John S
"John S" wrote in message news:jd8kq5$5o3$ snipped-for-privacy@dont-email.me...
No problem. I made plenty of errors as I was trying to figure out a good = way=20 to do this. And I realize that I still have MUCH to learn about LTSpice. = I=20 tried a new approach and my results seem encouraging. I think I have = come up=20 with a simple circuit that is over 90% efficient from 105-140 VRMS and = the=20 same circuit gets 79% at 240 VRMS. That was using a single 100V zener as = a=20 load, ranging from 2.3 to 4.5 watts over that range. I am just using the =
rectified sine wave to turn on a MOSFET in series with an inductor and = the=20 LED string, with a freewheeling diode, and the pulse width is determined = by=20 the comparison of the sine wave to a reference (in this case just the=20 junction voltage of a BJT. So the duty cycle becomes less as the input=20 voltage increases, and operates at a 120 Hz PWM frequency. Not ideal, = and it=20 may not work on a triac dimmer, but it seems to work well enough in=20 simulation.
I took your advice and I added N=3D33 to D1. And I'm using a white LED = model,=20 so it is more realistic. I actually got over 93% efficiency for 120 VAC=20 nominal, and over 88% at 240! If I have not done anything wrong, this = may be=20 worth building.
I have designed LED drivers with a boost circuit, for 12 VDC nominal = (SLA)=20 to drive 7 or 13 high power Cree LEDs for a total output power of about =
40=20 watts. But I had a hard time getting good efficiency, probably because I =used a single inductor and it had to boost almost 5x for low battery=20 conditions.
I also did a simulation using 13 high power white LEDs, changing the=20 inductor to 20mH (from 100), and I was able to get 92-94% efficiency = from=20
100V to 240V, with power from 14 to 39 watts. I have some of the high = power=20 LEDs left over from my diving flashlight project and it might be useful = to=20 make a powerful lamp that runs off 120 VAC line power.Please let me know if you see any errors in the circuit below (this is = the=20 lower power version). If I can get a lot of small white LEDs maybe I'll = make=20 a 120 V lamp to see how it works in real life. White LEDs are only about =
$0.20 each now (100 pc), so this lamp should cost only about $8 to make.
I hope you had a great Christmas.
Thanks!
Paul
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D
Version 4 SHEET 1 2156 680 WIRE 96 48 64 48 WIRE 240 48 160 48 WIRE 416 48 240 48 WIRE 608 48 416 48 WIRE 704 48 608 48 WIRE 416 64 416 48 WIRE 608 64 608 48 WIRE -64 96 -96 96 WIRE -48 96 -64 96 WIRE -16 96 -48 96 WIRE 64 96 64 48 WIRE 64 96 48 96 WIRE 64 144 64 96 WIRE 128 144 64 144 WIRE 304 144 160 144 WIRE 416 144 416 128 WIRE 416 144 384 144 WIRE 432 144 416 144 WIRE 448 144 432 144 WIRE 480 144 448 144 WIRE 496 144 480 144 WIRE 592 144 560 144 WIRE 608 144 592 144 WIRE -96 160 -96 96 WIRE 240 160 240 128 WIRE 288 160 240 160 WIRE 432 160 432 144 WIRE 704 160 704 48 WIRE -16 176 -32 176 WIRE 64 176 64 144 WIRE 64 176 48 176 WIRE 288 192 288 160 WIRE 368 192 288 192 WIRE 240 208 240 160 WIRE 480 208 480 144 WIRE 496 208 480 208 WIRE 560 208 560 144 WIRE 368 240 368 192 WIRE 384 240 368 240 WIRE -48 256 -48 96 WIRE -16 256 -48 256 WIRE 64 256 48 256 WIRE 128 256 128 224 WIRE 160 256 160 144 WIRE 160 256 128 256 WIRE 176 256 160 256 WIRE 432 256 288 256 WIRE -96 336 -96 240 WIRE -64 336 -96 336 WIRE -32 336 -32 176 WIRE -32 336 -64 336 WIRE -16 336 -32 336 WIRE 64 336 64 256 WIRE 64 336 48 336 WIRE 128 336 64 336 WIRE 240 336 240 304 WIRE 240 336 128 336 WIRE 432 336 432 256 WIRE 432 336 240 336 WIRE 544 336 432 336 WIRE 704 336 704 224 WIRE 704 336 544 336 WIRE 544 352 544 336 FLAG 544 352 0 FLAG -64 96 AC1 FLAG -64 336 AC2 FLAG 592 144 L1 FLAG 448 144 L2 SYMBOL nmos 384 160 R0 WINDOW 0 56 46 Left 2 WINDOW 3 56 108 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName M1 SYMATTR Value SPA11N60C3 SYMBOL voltage -96 144 R0 WINDOW 3 -49 -89 VRight 2 WINDOW 123 0 0 Left 2 WINDOW 39 0 0 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName V1 SYMATTR Value SINE(0 150 60 100u 0 0 30) SYMBOL diode -16 112 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D8 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode -16 192 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D2 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 48 272 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D3 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 48 352 M270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D4 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL diode 96 64 R270 WINDOW 0 32 32 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 0 32 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D5 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL cap 688 160 R0 SYMATTR InstName C1 SYMATTR Value 10=B5 SYMBOL res 144 352 R180 WINDOW 0 36 76 Left 2 WINDOW 3 36 40 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R3 SYMATTR Value 10k SYMBOL res 400 128 R90 WINDOW 0 7 66 VBottom 2 WINDOW 3 32 56 VTop 2 SYMATTR InstName R4 SYMATTR Value 10meg SYMBOL zener 304 256 R180 WINDOW 0 24 58 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -101 -53 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D6 SYMATTR Value BZX84C8V2L SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMBOL npn 176 208 R0 WINDOW 0 39 37 Left 2 WINDOW 3 26 61 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName Q1 SYMATTR Value 2N3904 SYMBOL res 112 128 R0 WINDOW 0 -26 56 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -43 93 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R5 SYMATTR Value 500k SYMBOL res 224 32 R0 WINDOW 0 -24 49 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -50 84 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName R6 SYMATTR Value 249k SYMBOL ind 592 48 R0 SYMATTR InstName L1 SYMATTR Value 100m SYMBOL diode 432 128 R180 WINDOW 0 29 56 Left 2 WINDOW 3 -103 57 Left 2 SYMATTR InstName D7 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 SYMBOL LED 560 128 R90 WINDOW 0 0 32 VBottom 2 WINDOW 3 29 32 VTop 2 SYMATTR InstName D1 SYMATTR Value AOT-2015 SYMATTR Description Diode SYMATTR Type diode SYMATTR Value2 N=3D33 SYMBOL diode 496 224 R270 WINDOW 0 -17 3 VTop 2 WINDOW 3 11 108 VBottom 2 SYMATTR InstName D9 SYMATTR Value UPSC600 TEXT -152 32 Left 2 !.tran .25 startup TEXT 744 128 Left 2 !.meas tran Iled avg I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 = td=3D.1=20 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.2 RISE=3D1 TEXT 744 152 Left 2 !.meas tran pd1 avg V(AC1,AC2)*I(V1) trig V(AC1,AC2) =
val=3D0 td=3D.1 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.2 RISE=3D1 TEXT 744 176 Left 2 !.meas tran pd2 avg V(L1,L2)*I(D1) trig V(AC1,AC2) = val=3D0=20 td=3D.1 RISE=3D1 targ V(AC1,AC2) val=3D0 td=3D.2 RISE=3D1 TEXT 744 200 Left 2 !.meas tran eff PARAM 100*pd2/pd1 TEXT 792 264 Left 2 ;150 VPP, 2.74W, 24.5 mA, 92.3% TEXT 792 312 Left 2 ;200 VPP, 4.26W, 35.8 mA, 91.4% TEXT 792 288 Left 2 ;175 VPP, 3.6W, 31.1 mA, 92.1% TEXT 792 336 Left 2 ;360 VPP, 5.7 W, 45.1 mA, 83.4% TEXT 736 32 Left 2 ;QTLP690C Super Bright 0402 2.4V R, Y, YG, YO. O TEXT 736 56 Left 2 ;LXHL-BW02 White 1W TEXT 736 80 Left 2 ;AOT-2015 White 2.9V 100mA 300mW TEXT 792 232 Left 2 ;R5=3D400k, R3=3D10k TEXT 1160 232 Left 2 ;R5=3D500k, R3=3D10k TEXT 792 288 Left 2 ;175 VPP, 3.6W, 31.1 mA, 92.1% TEXT 1160 264 Left 2 ;150 VPP, 3.78 W, 33.3 mA, 93.7% TEXT 1160 312 Left 2 ;200 VPP, 6.1 W, 50.1 mA, 93.4% TEXT 1160 288 Left 2 ;175 VPP, 5.1W, 42.9 mA, 93.6% TEXT 1160 336 Left 2 ;360 VPP, 8.66 W, 65.9 mA, 88.1% TEXT 504 96 Left 2 ;N=3D33=20
Looks good to me, Paul. If you do build it, please let us know if it performs as simulated and if you are pleased with it.
I did have a great Christmas, thank you, and I hope you did, too.
John S
30 bright LEDs each. All fed from one end and they all have equal brightness. Each cheap dongle feeds two sticks.
I bet the same design would work with higher power Cree versions.
That's because your own habit of abuse. Or, you don't know how to read, AlwaysWrong ( jack snipped-for-privacy@cox.net ).
Are you OK?
Get some help.
You have a mental problem, and your particular problem is one which requires erasure from the human gene pool to solve.
Just remember, boy... your posts are EVIDENCE of your abuse. Your posts are illegal in most states. Your posts indicate a severe mental disability in you.
And most of all, you are not a man, because you are too much of a PUSSY to post your address.
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