Yes. For masked ROMs you can decap the part and read it optically.
Decap is easy for ceramic; you can just break it open. For plastic packaged parts, it involves fumic nitric or sulfuric acid, so you'd be best advised to send it to a lab.
Once you can see the die, under a microscope you can distinguish the one bits from the zero bits. Generally that is the presence or absence of a metal contact. Whether the presence represents a one or a zero depends on the specific part number, and might vary within the array (i.e., it might be presence=1 for the left half of the array and absence=1 for the right half).
You also will need to determine the layout of the bits. The address lines are divided into those that address rows and columns. Study of the decoder circuitry on the perimeter of the array can help determine this.
If you can take a sufficiently high-resolution photomicrograph of the die, once you've determined the mapping you may be able to write software to extract the bits, so that you don't have to do it by hand.
None of this is easy, but there is an existence proof that it is possible. Peter Monta optically dumped three ROMs from the HP-35 calculator. These stored 2560 bits each, and were made in 1972 using ten micron process geometry, The 23256 is a much newer part in a smaller geometry, which means you'll need better resolution for the photomicrograph, but it still should be quite possible.
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Or you can just buy another unit of the model the 23256 came from.
Oh sorry Mr. Terrell your holiness, I obviously over looked that part, I just assume it was a prom or even UV-prom..
I'll try not blunder so badly next time. I wouldn't want to be the cause of any health issues on your end.
--
"I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy"
"Daily Thought:
SOME PEOPLE ARE LIKE SLINKIES. NOT REALLY GOOD FOR ANYTHING BUT
THEY BRING A SMILE TO YOUR FACE WHEN PUSHED DOWN THE STAIRS.
http://webpages.charter.net/jamie_5"
IF you drive the logic inputs from CMOS, it's possible that internal protection diodes will sufficiently power the chip from the input logic. As long as at least one address or select bit is HIGH, there's a chance the outputs will go to the right voltage level for readout.
This will work best if (1) the chip is cold, (2) the outputs are very lightly loaded, or disconnected completely, (3) the only fault that resulted from overvoltage was a burnt-out power wire, (4) the readout is done slowly (a millisecond delay for each readout should suffice).
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