National Semiconductor LM324 datasheet: 7 Parameter Measurement Information

7 Parameter Measurement Information

Figure 7-1. Unity-Gain Amplifier

Figure 7-2. Noise-Test Circuit

8 Detailed Description

8.1 Overview

These devices consist of four independent high-gain frequency-compensated operational amplifiers that are designed specifically to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split supplies is also possible if the difference between the two supplies is 3V to 36V (B and BA versions), 3V to 26V (for LM2902 devices), or 3V to 30V (for all other devices), and $V_{CC}$ is at least 1.5V more positive than the input common-mode voltage. The low supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude of the supply voltage.

Applications include transducer amplifiers, DC amplification blocks, and all the conventional operational-amplifier circuits that can be more easily implemented in single-supply-voltage systems. For example, the LM324B and LM2902B devices can be operated directly from the standard 5V supply that is used in digital systems and provides the required interface electronics, without requiring additional ±15V supplies.

LM124, LM124A, LM224, LM224A, LM224K, LM224KA LM324, LM324A, LM324B, LM324BA, LM324K, LM324KA LM2902, LM2902B, LM2902BA, LM2902K, LM2902KAV, LM2902KV SLOS066AE – AUGUST 1975 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2025

8.2 Functional Block Diagram

COMPONENT COUNT (total device)

ESD protection cells - available on B, BA, and K versions only

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8.3 Feature Description

8.3.1 Unity-Gain Bandwidth

To calculate the gain bandwidth product, multiply the measured bandwidth of an amplifier by the measured bandwidth gain. These devices have a high gain bandwidth of 1.2MHz.

8.3.2 Slew Rate

The slew rate is the rate at which an operational amplifier changes the output when there is a change on the input. These devices have a 0.5V/μs slew rate.

8.3.3 Input Common-Mode Voltage Range

The valid common-mode voltage range is from device ground to VCC – 1.5V (VCC – 2V across temperature). Inputs are able to exceed VCC up to the maximum VCC without device damage. Ensure that at least one input is in the valid input common-mode voltage range for the output to be in the correct phase. If both inputs exceed the valid range, then the output phase is undefined. If either input is less than –0.3V, limit the input current to 1mA, and the output phase is undefined.

8.4 Device Functional Modes

These devices are powered on when the supply is connected. This device operates as a single-supply operational amplifier or dual-supply amplifier depending on the application.

9 Application and Implementation

Note

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI's customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes, as well as validating and testing their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

9.1 Application Information

The LMx24 and LM2902 operational amplifiers are useful in a wide range of signal conditioning applications. Inputs are able to be powered before VCC for flexibility in multiple supply circuits.

9.2 Typical Application

A common application for an operational amplifier is an inverting amplifier. This amplifier takes a positive voltage on the input, and produces a negative voltage with the same magnitude. In the same manner, the amplifier also makes negative voltages positive. A linear gain can be achieved by changing the resistor ratio in the feedback path.

Figure 9-1. Application Schematic

9.2.1 Design Requirements

The supply voltage must be chosen such that the supply voltage is larger than the input voltage range and output range. For instance, this application scales a signal of ±0.5V to ±1.8V. Setting the supply at ±12V is sufficient to accommodate this application.

9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

Determine the gain required by the inverting amplifier using Equation 1 and Equation 2:

$A_V = \fracV_OUTV_IN \quad (1)$

$A_V = 1.8/-0.5 = -3.6 \quad (2)$

After the desired gain is determined, choose a value for RI or RF. Choosing a value in the kΩ range is desirable because the amplifier circuit uses currents in the mA range. This choice does not draw too much current. This example chooses 10kΩ for RI, which means 36kΩ is used for RF. These values are determined by Equation 3.

$A_V = RF/RI \quad (3)$

9.2.3 Application Curve

Figure 9-2. Input and Output Voltages of the Inverting Amplifier

9.3 Power Supply Recommendations

CAUTION

Supply voltages greater than 32V for a single supply, or outside the range of ±16V for a dual supply, are able to permanently damage the device. Do not exceed the absolute maximum ratings listed in Section 6.1.

Place 0.1μF bypass capacitors close to the power-supply pins to reduce errors coupling in from noisy or high-impedance power supplies. For more detailed information on bypass capacitor placement, see Section 9.4.

LM124, LM124A, LM224, LM224A, LM224K, LM224KA LM324, LM324A, LM324B, LM324BA, LM324K, LM324KA LM2902, LM2902B, LM2902BA, LM2902K, LM2902KAV, LM2902KV SLOS066AE – AUGUST 1975 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2025

9.4 Layout

9.4.1 Layout Guidelines

For best operational performance of the device, use good PCB layout practices, including:

• Noise is able to propagate into analog circuitry through the power pins of the circuit as a whole, as well as the operational amplifier. Use bypass capacitors to reduce the coupled noise by providing low-impedance power sources local to the analog circuitry.
  • Connect low-ESR, 0.1μF ceramic bypass capacitors between each supply pin and ground, placed as close to the device as possible. A single bypass capacitor from V+ to ground is applicable for single supply applications.
• Separate grounding for analog and digital portions of circuitry is one of the simplest and most-effective methods of noise suppression. One or more layers on multilayer PCBs are typically devoted to ground planes. A ground plane helps distribute heat and reduces EMI noise pickup. Physically separate digital and analog grounds, paying attention to the flow of the ground current.
• To reduce parasitic coupling, run the input traces as far away from the supply or output traces as possible. If keeping the traces separate is not possible, cross the sensitive trace perpendicular as opposed to in parallel with the noisy trace.
• Place the external components as close to the device as possible. Keep RF and RG close to the inverting input to minimize parasitic capacitance (see also Section 9.4.2).
• Keep the length of input traces as short as possible. Always remember that the input traces are the most sensitive part of the circuit.
• Consider a driven, low-impedance guard ring around the critical traces. A guard ring helps significantly reduce leakage currents from nearby traces that are at different potentials.

9.4.2 Layout Examples

Figure 9-3. Operational Amplifier Board Layout for Noninverting Configuration

Figure 9-4. Operational Amplifier Schematic for Noninverting Configuration

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10 Device and Documentation Support

10.1 Receiving Notification of Documentation Updates

To receive notification of documentation updates, navigate to the device product folder on ti.com. Click on Notifications to register and receive a weekly digest of any product information that has changed. For change details, review the revision history included in any revised document.

10.2 Support Resources

TI E2E™ support forums are an engineer's go-to source for fast, verified answers and design help — straight from the experts. Search existing answers or ask your own question to get the quick design help you need.

Linked content is provided "AS IS" by the respective contributors. They do not constitute TI specifications and do not necessarily reflect TI's views; see TI's Terms of Use.

10.3 Trademarks

TI E2E™ is a trademark of Texas Instruments.

All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

10.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution

This integrated circuit can be damaged by ESD. Texas Instruments recommends that all integrated circuits be handled with appropriate precautions. Failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage.

ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure. Precision integrated circuits may be more susceptible to damage because very small parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its published specifications.

10.5 Glossary

TI Glossary This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.

11 Revision History

NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.

Changes from Revision AD (October 2024) to Revision AE (September 2025)

Changes from Revision AC (March 2024) to Revision AD (October 2024)

Changes from Revision AB (November 2023) to Revision AC (March 2024)

Changes from Revision AA (September 2023) to Revision AB (November 2023)

Copyright © 2025 Texas Instruments Incorporated

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Product Folder Links: LM124 LM124A LM224 LM224A LM224K LM224KA LM324 LM324A LM324B LM324BA LM324K LM324KA LM2902 LM2902B LM2902BA LM2902K LM2902KAV LM2902KV

LM124, LM124A, LM224, LM224A, LM224K, LM224KA LM324, LM324A, LM324B, LM324BA, LM324K, LM324KA LM2902, LM2902B, LM2902BA, LM2902K, LM2902KAV, LM2902KV SLOS066AE – AUGUST 1975 – REVISED SEPTEMBER 2025

Changes from Revision Z (April 2023) to Revision AA (September 2023)

Changes from Revision Y (October 2022) to Revision Z (April 2023)

Changes from Revision X (May 2022) to Revision Y (October 2022)

Changes from Revision W (March 2015) to Revision X (May 2022)

Changes from Revision V (January 2014) to Revision W (March 2014)

Changes from Revision U (August 2010) to Revision V (January 2014)

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12 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

The following pages include mechanical packaging and orderable information. This information is the most current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of this document. For browser based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left hand navigation.

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(2) Material type: When designated, preproduction parts are prototypes/experimental devices, and are not yet approved or released for full production. Testing and final process, including without limitation quality assurance, reliability performance testing, and/or process qualification, may not yet be complete, and this item is subject to further changes or possible discontinuation. If available for ordering, purchases will be subject to an additional waiver at checkout, and are intended for early internal evaluation purposes only. These items are sold without warranties of any kind.

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and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.

In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.

OTHER QUALIFIED VERSIONS OF LM124, LM124M, LM2902, LM2902B, LM2902BA :

• Catalog : LM124

• Automotive : LM2902-Q1, LM2902B-Q1, LM2902BA-Q1

• Enhanced Product : LM2902-EP

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NOTE: Qualified Version Definitions:

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• Automotive - Q100 devices qualified for high-reliability automotive applications targeting zero defects

• Enhanced Product - Supports Defense, Aerospace and Medical Applications

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