layout of c code image/binary in memory

Way too vague. I can't begin to answer.

Generally a text file the linker uses to determine at what locations code and data may be located.

As always, the answer is "it depends." Generally, "text" is code and bss is uninitialized static data. Also generally, the BSS section is filled with zeroes by the program startup code, or by the operating system if there is one.

A good resource for some of this info is Levine's "Linkers and Loaders." If your local library doesn't have it, Amazon or Bookpool should.

It locates the sections in the memory map. Sometimes the locations are absolute, and sometimes they are relative. The linker script may have other functions as well, though.

I can only guess. So I won't. Google might help.

Code internal to a processor that sequences the micro-operations to carry out each instruction.

Almost as difficult a question as "What is real-time?" Generally, it's software that the user doesn't change or install, though there are exceptions.

HTH, -=Dave

God help us!