Raxda quad core ARM board goes open sourced
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(Lite lesser version still available:
You can buy these boards with 2GB RAM and 8GB flash to install Ubuntu distro, Android distro, Xubuntu, Lubuntu and so on.
The quad core ARM chips are readily available to build own boards:
Lot of prebuilt images available to download on to the machine.
The entire hardware is open sourced
This includes the PCB Gerber files, so you can understand how to lay out boards and make your own boards using Open sourced PCB creation software like KiCAD that runs on Ubuntu and other distros.
A large amount of datasheets on the RK3188 quad core available to design your own systems:
The 2GB RAM quad cores usually take about 20 seconds to boot from flash. with performance similar to PCs for many desktop applications. There is no SATA but USB can be used with SATA drives if needed. Also possible to if you are designing your own board, then use eMMC - They are low cost and the more recent eMMC modules have performance similar to SSDs.