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I think your requirement ( Learn RTOS / Understand RTOS & use for free :-( ) matches with silRTOS from silcomm.com, which is free to use for commercial products, low foot print with open source & widely used. They provide document, sources & different processor port, which make it easy learn RTOS for newbie. silRTOS provides only basic services like vector ISR handling/Task handling/Sem/MessQ/Memory Mgmt with small size micro kernel. Even newbie can learn silRTOS within 1 day.
I recently used silRTOS for vary same reason (free, open source & small... offcourse not for learning) on ARM & MIPS system and it is working beautifully for my complex embedded system.
Also I believe that there could be other free RTOS available beside silrtos, which you may find by Googling :-) ...