Yes, those are now the largest in existance. This same order of size would be needed to airlock a train into and out if the vacuum tube.
Yes but you cannot take over that same delay into the new system or it would lose one of the claimed advantages. (which of course is bogus anyway, but they use it for PR)
If it is more than a few minutes it will remove the trip time advantage. I bet that the time for those satellite testing chambers is more of the order of hours than minutes.
One of the big problems of rail travel is the very large required distance between trains. This is true for high-speed trains even more. The efficiency of track usage is very, very low. The developers are attempting all the time to improve it.
You are not going to be very competitive with a system with even lower efficiency, certainly not when the cost of laying infrastructure per km is even higher.