All,
Apologies for the cross-post, I know a lot of people who deal with FPGAs are also experts with PCBs, stack-ups, high-speed layout, hoping for some good ideas from both groups. I'm not an expert on board design or electronics, but I'm trying to do things right from the start...
My issue in a nut shell: How can I properly prevent ground-loops from external connections that interface to my board? I receive several digital signals streams from two to four external boards, single- ended, ~5 Mbps, almost zero-balanced. My board has sensitive analog and audio/video and I'd like to avoid the possibility of ground-loops,
60 Hz hum, etc.I know of three methods to isolate and I list the methods and my thoughts.
- I can use a capacitor in-series with each input signal and level- shift it back so my digital ICs will properly trigger and keep the ext_GND isolated from my sys_GND. I have tested this and it's reliable for my configuration.
But! I'm very worried about EMI and return currents. If I use a capacitor to couple the external signal in AND I don't connect ext_GND(s) to my sys_GND, I fear that the return current from the input signal will see an impedance discontinuity and cause me MORE EMI headaches. I reason that the current should flow in a loop and while the capacitor isolates my two systems, the return current will still have to go back to the original source and since my GNDs are discontiguous, I have a high-impedance return (maybe through free space) and this will couple more noise into my system.
- I can use an isolation transformer (1:1) and a capacitor on the input side to avoid saturating the core (strip DC) and use a cap on the output & restore the DC.
I wonder if the capacitance between windings, other parasitics and EM "leakage" however won't end up defeating the purpose of isolation and will end up coupling noise from the external circuits into my system. Since my signals are single-ended I don't have a differential receiver to reject the common-mode noise either.
I'm also uncertain if the return current has a path, but based on my recollection of transformers, the load impedance is reflected back to the source, so there is a "path" and both sides are coupled together.
- I can use a digital isolator (NVE, ADI) and have it straddle the external input block and my digital system.
The issue here is the need for power on the external input side that would have to be isolated from the digital side. I also wonder, since the NVE/ADI parts end up using magnetic isolation techniques, will they end up broadcasting any EM?
Thank you! Sam.